Thursday, February 20, 2020

THE IMPACT OF OUTDOOR PLAY ON YOUNG CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGE Dissertation

THE IMPACT OF OUTDOOR PLAY ON YOUNG CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGE 3-5 IN THE EARLY YEARS SETTING - Dissertation Example The various challenges to outdoor were cited as academic focus, lack of time and initiative on the part of parents and availability if indoor distractions like TV, video-games etc. The observational research concluded that the observed children’s outdoor play activities developed, changed and became more innovative, creative and at times gender specific over the period of observation. The findings also showed that there were positive gains like increased communications and interactions with others, increased initiative to participate in activities and increased awareness of the self and environment. These findings therefor indicate that social development is affected by outdoor play and hence there is a need to develop curriculum to increase participation. Additionally, the research also comments on the lack of awareness about the social benefits among the parents and makes recommendations for developing programs for educating them. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction In troduction Introduction and Research Background Research Questions Research Aims Research Strategy Research Significance Chapter 2: Literature Review A Historical Perspective The Value of Play for Young Children’s Social Development Outdoor Play and Social Development Stages and Levels of Outdoor Play Challenges with Outdoor Play Chapter 3: Methodology Research Methodology-Introduction Methodology and Research Process Sample Pilot Testing and Assessing Validity Administration Ethical considerations Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis Introduction Findings A: Survey of Parents and Teachers Findings B: Interview of Parents and Teachers Findings C: Findings from Observational Research Chapter 5: Conclusion List of Figures and Tables Figure1: Teacher’s Perceptions about Time for Outdoor Play Figure 2: Parent’s Perceptions about Time for Outdoor Play Figure 3: Teachers’ Safety Concerns Figure 5: Teachers’ Perceptions on Uniqueness of Benefits of Outdoor Pl ay Figure 6: Parents’ Perceptions on Uniqueness of Benefits of Outdoor Play Figure 7: Teachers’ Perceptions of Benefots of Out Door Play Figure 8: Parents’ Perceptions of Benefots of Out Door Play Figure 9: Teachers’ Perception of how Outdoor Play Leads to Social Development Figure 10: Parents’ Perception of how Outdoor Play Leads to Social Development Figure 11: Teachers’ Perception of Factors Inhibiting Outdoor Play Figure 12: Parents’ Perception of Factors Inhibiting Outdoor Play Figure 13: Teachers’ Recommendations for Outdoor Play Figure 14: Parents’ Recommendations for Outdoor Play Table 1: Perception of the Essential Time To be Spent in Outdoor Play Table 2: Safety Concerns related to Outdoor Play Table 3: Perceptions of Differential Benefits of Outdoor and Indoor Play Table 4: Benefits of Outdoor Play Table: 5: Outdoor Play Activities Leading to Social Development Table 6: Factors Responsible for Lack of Outdoor Play Table 7: Recommended Actions to Increase Outdoor Play List of Appendices Appendix A: Questionnaire for parents and teachers Apendix B: Interview Questionnaire Appendix C: Observation criteria Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction This chapter contains the introduction and background of the research and explains

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

History of the Computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History of the Computer - Essay Example Even though Leonardo da Vinci made drawings of gear-driven calculators, he never built any, and it was in 1623 that Wilhelm Schickard invented the calculating clock. Later on, in 1642, Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, a gear-driven calculador that could only add. Then Leibniz built a four-function calculator (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) that he called the Stepped Reckoner, which used fluted drums instead of gears. (Kopplin, 2002). In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the punched cards, which are still in use like in presidential ballots. By 1822, Charles Babbage obtained government funding to build what he called the Difference Engine, a steam-driven calculator. It was very difficult to build, and the machine was never finished. Then Babbage invented the Analytic Engine, using Jacquard's punched cards, adding the key function of the conditional statement. Babbage was a friend of Ada Byron, who is recognized as the first programmer thanks to her writings for the proponed Analytic Engine, which was never built. When the United States needed to speed up the census procedure, Herman Hollerith won a contest by using an invention of his own that used punched cards called the Hollerith Desk. "Hollerith's technique was successful and the 1890 census was completed in only 3 years at a savings of 5 million dollars." (Kopplin, 2002). Hollerith founded the company, the Tabulating Machine Company, which eventually beca me International Business Machines (IBM). IBM developed mechanical calculators for businessess, but the U.S. military needed more optimized calculators for scientific computation. As a result of this need, "the Harvard Mark I was built as a partnership between Harvard and IBM in 1944". (Kopplin, 2002). It was an electro-mechanical computer so it was very big and very noisy. It was also the first programmable digital computer made in the United States. In 1953, the first high-level language called Flowmatic was invented by Grace Hopper. This language was later known as COBOL. After using vaccum tubes and transistors for a while, then came the integrated circuit. "The primary advantage of an integrated circuit is not that the transistors (switches) are miniscule (that's the secondary advantage), but rather that millions of transistors can be created and interconnected in a mass-production process". (Kopplin, 2002). The integrated circuit was used by the early 1980's. One of the first attempts to build an all-electronic digital computer was undertaken by J.V. Atanasoff in 1937. By 1941 he and Clifford Berry built such a machine. It was the first to use binary arithmetic, but it was not programmable. During World War II the computer named Colossus was built by Britain for code breaking. "American and British computer pioneers were still arguing over who was first to do what, when in 1965 the work of the German Konrad Zuse was published for the first time in English." (Kopplin, 2002). Zuse built several computers in Nazi Germany. "The title of forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers is usually awarded to ENIAC, which stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert, who got funding from the war department after promising they could build a machine that would replace all