Pollution Levels In The River Nile

Pollution Levels In The River Nile River Nile is the most important rivers. It passes through many countries. It has historical, economic, agricultural important for these countries. In the last period, the River Nile pollution exposure to many pollutants. I will talk in this report about the importance of the River Nile and River, Nile pollution and damage to these pollutants. Finally I will mention the solutions. Nile River: The Nile is a major river in Africa .It the longest river in the world. The total length of the river is 6650 km (4132 miles). Nile Basin covers an area of 3.4 million km  ². Nile Basin countries are Uganda, Ethiopia , Sudan and DRC. Also Burundi , Tanzania , Rwanda , Kenya, Egypt and Eritrea. The Nile has two major tributaries, White and Blue Nile. The river flows through desert almost, from Sudan into Egypt. Egypt civilization has depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along Nile river .Most the historical and cultural sites of Egypt are found along the Nile river. The Nile ends in a large delta and it is go into the Mediterranean Sea. Important of Nile River: Nile Basin constitutes has unique diversified geographically, starting from the highlands in the south and at least freshly hit even up to the spacious plains in the far north. Therefore, the Nile River is the only river which flows from south to north due to the tendency of the earth. Nile is of great importance in the economies of the Nile Basin, in the field of agriculture : in all countries of the Nile Basin water farmers depends on nile water as resources to irrigate their crops. Among the most famous of these crops: cotton, wheat, sugarcane, dates, legumes, and citrus fruits. In fishing, many type of fish abundance in Nile water. fish are favorite dishes of many of the peoples in these countries. the Nile River has many aquaculture animals such as Nile crocodile, which presence in most of the path of the Nile. In the field of tourism in Egypt and Sudan are based upon a type of tourism, Nile Tourism , in both Egypt and Sudan, many ship carrying tourists and visitors to the country each of Qena, Luxor and Aswan, Egypt, and between two mountains, the third and fourth in the north of Sudan, between the Juba and Kochi. Causes of Nile pollution The River Nile is exposed to many types of pollutants from the waste characteristics and makes it invalid to use for drinking and irrigation, which is detrimental to humans and animals. Nile river pollution mean there is a change in physical properties, chemical properties or biological properties of water. *Biological waste: Biological waste mean is the present of organisms with visible or invisible eye that cause pollution in water such as: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, animal and there are phases of minutes (eggs, larvae stages). Some of these organisms are seen bye naked eye, such as some algae and aquatic plants, and others organism can not be seen by naked eye (only with a microscope), such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa. The degree of proliferation of these organisms depends on the nature and size of these organisms. *Organic pollution Organic pollution is a waste of plant and animal which contain chemically into seven groups of substances, namely: 1. Soluble substances in the water, including Algelokoseidat, sugars , amino acids , salts, nitrates, sulfates, chlorides and potassium salts. 2 soluble substances in the ether, including alcohol, include fats, oils and waxes. 3. Alselliozat. 4 .Alheimciliozat. 5. Alganinat. 6. proteins. 7. Minerals that do not dissolve in water including potassium magnesium. *Toxic metals pollution The number of chemical elements are manufactured that more than (1500) type. Many heavy metals are found in industrial .They have bad effects to humans and organisms .For example: Mercury: It is come from waste generated through electrolysis in the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas. It was found that the microbiologist turned inorganic mercury into methylmercury, which binds with the protein strain found in the body by a group (-SH), which exist, and this leads to focus on the food chain. Cadmium Cd It is one of the most dangerous pollutants of comparison .It inhibits the activity of enzymes containing a group replace zinc in some enzymes containing it. Lead pb It is an inhibitor of the functions of many enzymes Symptoms of lead poisoning: Colic, and anemia, headaches, convulsions, and renal colic. Arsenic: As It is enter in many industries, such as: the pesticide industry. Like the rest of the other heavy metals and their compounds, it has a detrimental effect and toxic on living organisms, when concentrations of it up to a certain extent. We see the harmful effect of heavy metals in drainage water, which led to the pollution of crops. *Residues, animal waste and garbage: It is peoples ignorance of the fact of the Nile River and that the source of water .They got rid of the bodies of dead farm animals , disposal of waste and garbage dead birds and infected by bird flu ,and throw them in the river. Long time ago, the Nile flood before the establishment of the High Dam, the constant motion of water and volatile help to out expulsion of contaminants. Effect of Nile Pollution: *Biological waste: Waste waters are carrying many of the microbes especially bacteria. These microbes cause water pollution. The contamination of the water leads to pollute fish, molluscs, crustaceans and others aquatic animals. The contaminated water may lead to poisoning or killing human. The most important disease-causing bacteria: The contaminated water may lead to poisoning or killing of human beings is the most important disease-causing bacteria: Salmonella: It is a type of bacteria causes typhoid . The most important parasites that pollute the water are Ascaris worms and schistosomes . One of the main viruses that found in water pollution is hepatitis virus, which leads to infection of larvae (yellow). *Organic pollution: $ Lead to a lack of Oxgen. That are effecting to organism that live in water. $ Increasing number of microbes significantly in the Availability of organic materials and that is lead to serious damage. $ Anaerobic conditions lead to the formation of toxic compounds affect the growth of Plants. $ Spread of weeds , nematodes, fungal bacterial diseases. *Toxic metals pollution Mercury: Toxicity of inorganic compounds of mercury lead to Nervous Disorder . Injury element mercury leads headache, chills and inflammation of the bladder, memory loss. Organic mercury compounds, especially methylmercury, it is more toxic because of the easy to go in porous membranes. It is concentrated in the blood and affects the mind and central system, the witness here, Minamatas disaster in Japan in 1952, which died in which more than (52) people. The reason for that was the people of this village ate fish in their food, which contained concentrations of mercury compound (CH3.HgS.CH3). Cadmium Cd, Lead pb They inhibit the activity of enzymes in the body of living organisms. Arsenic: As It has a detrimental effect and toxic on living organisms. *Residues, animal waste and garbage: The spread of diseases between humans and animals who depend on drinking water of the Nile. Solutions: Ø ¥ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¸Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ± ØلؠªÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Ø ¥Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° Øلؠ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚  ØللØØ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã…  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © 1 . Work necessary precautions to prevent the leakage of sewage to the waters of the Nile. 2. Emphasis on not throw factory waste in the river, whether liquid or solid in the river. 3. Prohibition and criminalization of dead animals in the River Nile. 4. Do not throw waste solids and plastic in the River Nile. 5. Spread health awareness among the farmer. 6 Spreading awareness among farmers to not wash tools and equipment for spraying pesticides in the waters of River Nile water (irrigation). 7. Take all measures towards the implementation of law to protect of waterways, especially rivers. 8. Built centers measurements fixed the waterways, to control pollution that occurs on them. 9. The need to do special place for the sewage and assembled away from the Nile. 10. Control the pollution which leads to acid rain, which polluted the Nile. 11. Prevent use of water (the Nile and other) to clean the animals and laundered. 12. Dont do wrong practices such as some people on the banks of the Nile, such as washing dishes and clothes. Conclusion Water is very important element we need to live and it is part of our lives. Nile River is impotent source for water. Many reasons cause water pollution. These will destroy the water we drink and will destroy our lives. To prevent Nile water pollution the government should provide strict penalties for people or factories who try to pollute the water. Recourses: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/sec004_gp5/pollution http://environ.chemeng.ntua.gr/ineco/Default.aspx?t=355 http://www.focusire.com/archives/203.html http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=87416

National Development Essay

We are here to debate on our country and its developments.The citizens of India have the basic responsibility to think and do his best for the development of the country. In one sentence , te secret of development of india can be achieved on set up of Industries and thereby generation of Employment and value addition of Produce goods and for this infra stature of Good Roads and transportation mode has to be good enough . We need good governence in turn for the development of the nation. For a good Goverence , we need Good Government and a set of good Politicians form a good Government . As the post † Politicians † it self gives a sign of freedom to act politically / changing faces ., our politicians are have multi faces to manage money for SELF but NOT for the nation. We need good Governors and not Politicians . they shall be treated as Public Servents but not Social servents . A good pay for a lavish life style has to be given first , so that they earn and live at the highest level of life style , as the ae the Managers / Governors / care takers for a given area. To select these so said Governors ,there shall be a scale to measure the crediantial and mere being a Citizen of the nation. Even a Peon , whose work is to keep the office clean and place the work desk in order need basic educition , and why not a leader/ governor doesnt need !! If not education , he should have done good enough for the nation and † Not on Mere records â€Å". So we have to concerntate on selection of these Leaders/ Governors.

Belgium Economy

? Belgium's economy is 71. 5 per cent free, according to our 2008 assessment, which makes it the world's 20th freest economy. This is a 0. 9 percentage point decrease from last year, primarily reflecting increased government spending. Belgium is ranked 10th freest among the 41 countries in the European region, and its overall score is above the regional average. Belgium scores very high in investment freedom, property rights, monetary freedom, and business freedom and is above the world average in eight areas. A member of the European Union, it has a standardized monetary policy and relatively low inflation despite some government distortion in the agricultural sector. Its transparent rule of law protects property and encourages confidence among foreign investors. Belgium's extensive welfare state is supported by exceptionally high government spending and income tax rates. Overall tax revenue is an uncommonly high per cent of GDP, and Belgium's government size score is 50 percentage points worse than the world average. Background Belgium is a federal state consisting of three economically different regions: Flanders, Wallonia, and the capital city of Brussels, which houses the headquarters of NATO and the EU and has been at the forefront in driving the supranationalisation of power within the EU. After eight years, Guy Verhofstadt and his Liberal Party were ousted from power in 2007. His previous Socialist Liberal coalition sought to ease the income tax burden and succeeded in balancing the budget, but growth remained sluggish. Christian Democratic leader Yves Leterme has since been invited to form a coalition government. Services account for around three-quarters of GDP. The leading exports are electrical equipment, vehicles, diamonds, and chemicals. BELGIUM Rank: 20 Regional Rank: 10 of 41 Population:10. 5 million GDP (PPP):$336. 6 billion 1. 5% growth in 2004 1. 7% 5-yr. comp. ann. growth $32,119 per capita Unemployment: 8. 4% Inflation (CPI): 2. 5% FDI (net inflow):$766 million Off. Dev. Assist. None External Debt: $1. 1 trillion Exports: $318. 8 billion Primarily machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, metals and metal products, foodstuffs. Imports: $308. 4 billion Primarily machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products. BELGIUM’S TEN ECONOMIC FREEDOM Business freedom – 93. 7% The overall freedom to start, operate, and close a business is strongly protected by Belgium's national regulatory environment. Starting a business takes an average of four days, compared to the world average of 43 days. Obtaining a business license requires less than the world average of 19 procedures and 234 days. Regulation is transparent, and the laws are enforced effectively. Closing a business is easy and straightforward. Trade freedom – 86% Belgium's trade policy is the same as those of other members of the European Union. The common EU weighted average tariff rate was 2 per cent in 2005. Non-tariff barriers reflected in EU policy include agricultural and manufacturing subsidies, import restrictions for some goods and services, market access restrictions in some service sectors, non-transparent and restrictive regulations and standards, and inconsistent customs administration across EU members. Enforcement of intellectual property rights remains problematic. Consequently, an additional 10 percentage points is deducted from Belgium's trade freedom score. Fiscal freedom – 43. 9% Belgium's income tax rate is one of the world's highest, and its corporate tax rate is also high. The top income tax rate is 50 per cent, and the top corporate tax rate is 34 per cent (a 33 per cent tax rate and 3 per cent surcharge). Other taxes include a value-added tax (VAT), a transport tax, and a property tax. In the most recent year, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 44. 9 per cent. Freedom from Government – 17. 9% Total government expenditures, including consumption and transfer payments, are very high. In the most recent year, government spending equaled 52. 3 per cent of GDP. Monetary freedom – 80. 4% Belgium is a member of the euro zone. Between 2004 and 2006, its weighted average annual rate of inflation was 2. 3 per cent. Relatively stable prices explain most of the monetary freedom score. As a participant in the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, the government subsidies agricultural production, distorting the prices of agricultural products. Price-control policies affect water supply, waste handling, homes for the elderly, medicines and implantable medical devices, certain cars, compulsory insurance, fire insurance, petroleum products, cable television, and certain types of bread. An additional 10 percentage points is deducted from Belgium's monetary freedom score to account for these policies. Investment freedom – 90% Most restrictions on foreign investment also apply to domestic investment. Permits and licenses required for certain industries are not hard to obtain. Regional and national incentives are generally open to foreigners and Belgians, but taxes and certain employment criteria are federally controlled. Performance requirements, when present, are linked to job creation. EU regulations require some restrictions on non-EU investment in public works. There are no restrictions on the purchase of real estate, residents' and non-residents' accounts, repatriation of profit, or transfer of capital. Financial freedom – 80% Belgium has one of the world's most developed financial systems, with 104 banks, including over 70 foreign banks, and numerous financial service providers, but the five largest banks still hold 85 per cent of deposits. An independent commission supervises the financial sector. Banks must provide a minimum set of services. Credit is allocated at market terms to both foreign nd domestic investors. Belgian law differentiates between EU and non-EU banks, financial institutions, and insurance companies, although firms from European Economic Area or World Trade Organization countries may be treated equally. Regional authorities may subsidies medium- and long-term borrowing. The insurance sector is smaller and less robust than banking. The world's first stock market was organized in Antwerp, and Belgium's sound capit al markets were recently integrated into Euro next, a broader European exchange. Property rights – 80% Property is well protected, and contracts are secure. The laws are codified, and the judiciary and civil service, while often slow, are of high quality. Intellectual property rights are well protected, but implementation of relevant EU directives has been slow. Freedom from corruption – 73% Corruption is perceived as minimal. Belgium ranks 20th out of 163 countries in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2006. Belgium outlaws both active bribery and â€Å"passive bribery,† whereby an official requests or accepts a benefit for himself or somebody else in exchange for certain behavior. Labor freedom – 69. 9% Employment regulations are relatively flexible, but further reform is needed to foster employment creation and productivity growth. The non-salary cost of employing a worker can be very high, and dismissing a redundant employee is relatively costly. Belgium's high labor costs are sustainable for high-value-added processes, but market rigidities remain a considerable barrier to employing a worker.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for...

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia are not new in the research literature. Psychological treatments have been previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia. For example in terms of behaviour therapy, operant approaches such as token economy programmes were used in the 1960s and 1970s to improve the behaviour of patients in long stay hospitals. However, the evidence suggests that the clinical gains were limited and did not generalise beyond the therapeutic setting and also did not address delusional convictions (Alford 1986; Himadi et al 1991). Other psychological treatments for schizophrenia can be traced to early†¦show more content†¦These interventions are also beneficial to relatives, and are effective in improving the quality of the family environment (Penn Mueser 1996). Psychosocial interventions are aimed at empowering patients, and, as Slade Haddock (1996) have pointed out, since the 1980s, the task of the therapist was no longer to change the behaviour o f the patient but rather to help the client to change their own behaviour, if they wish to do so. This chapter provides an overview of family interventions and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for psychotic symptoms. There has been a lot of research and clinical interest in the effectiveness of CBT for patients with psychosis. Unfortunately, the provision of family interventions in routine services has been disappointing, despite vigorous training programmes. Notwithstanding some notable exceptions in the UK, such as Bath (Smith Velleman, 2002) and Somerset (Stanbridge et al, 2003), increasing the availability of family work remains a challenge for most service providers. The aim is not to provide a comprehensive academic review of family interventions and CBT for serious mental illness. 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